The Hardwood

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses, see Hardwood (disambiguation).

Beech is a popular temperate zone hardwood

SEM images showing the presence of pores in hardwoods (Oak, top) and absence in softwoods (Pine, bottom)

The term hardwood is used to describe wood from non-monocot angiosperm trees.

In addition the term hardwoods is used for those trees themselves. These are usually broad-leaved; in temperate and boreal latitudes they are mostly deciduous, but in tropics and subtropics mostly evergreen.

Hardwood contrasts with softwood, which comes from conifer trees. On average, hardwood is of higher density and hardness than softwood, but there is an enormous variation in actual wood hardness in both groups, with the range in density in hardwoods completely including that of softwoods; some hardwoods (e.g. balsa) are softer than most softwoods, while yew is an example of a hard softwood.

Common deciduous European and North American hardwoods include the oaks (Quercus spp.), beech (Fagus spp.), ash (Fraxinus spp.), maple (Acer spp.) and cherry (Prunus spp.). Examples of European evergreen trees that yield specialty hardwoods (used in small volumes) include holly (Ilex aquifolium), boxwood (Buxus sempervirens) and holm oak (Quercus ilex). Important tropical hardwoods include teak(Tectona grandis), mahogany (Swietenia spp.), ebony (Diospyros spp.) and lauan (Shorea spp.).

Hardwoods are more varied than softwood. There are about a hundred times as many hardwoods as softwoods. The dominant feature separating hardwoods from softwoods is the presence of pores, or vessels. The vessels may show considerable variation in size, shape of perforation plates (simple, scalariform, reticulate, foraminate), and structure of cell wall (e.g. spiral thickenings).

Hardwoods are employed in a large range of applications including: construction, furniture, flooring, utensils, etc. Solid hardwood joinery tends to be expensive compared to softwood. In the past, tropical hardwoods were easily available but the supply of some species such as Burma teak and mahogany is now becoming restricted due to overexploitation. Cheaper "hardwood" doors, for instance, now consist of a thin veneer bonded to a core of softwood, plywood or medium-density fibreboard (MDF).

Save Oxygen

Trees make food for their growth by photosynthesis.  Leaves absorb carbon and oxygen in the form of carbon dioxide.  Inside the chloroplast in the cells, the chlorophyll molecules (the plant’s green pigment) use energy from the sun to make the hydrogen from water combine with the carbon and oxygen to form soluble carbohydrate – sugars.  The sugars can then be made into starch for storage.  Much of this starch is converted into cellulose – the building material for the cells which make up the wood.

Cellulose molecules are made up of long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and this is why wood is full of carbon.  For as long as that wood is intact, whether as growing trees, timber in buildings and furniture, fibres in paper and books, etc., then that carbon remains locked away in the structure of the wood. Trees need energy to grow.  This energy is released from the food made by photosynthesis in a process of respiration

Some of the food is combined with oxygen and the reaction releases stored energy for growth. Respiration uses between a quarter and a half of the food produced in photosynthesis. Respiration uses oxygen and releases energy, carbon dioxide and water.  This is the reverse of the photosynthesis which collects the sun’s energy, combines it with carbon dioxide and water and releases oxygen. The combined effect of photosynthesis and respiration is that trees absorb more carbon dioxide from the atmosphere than they release. Trees store or 'lock up' carbon by their natural processes Thus, carbon is effectively ‘locked up’ or ‘sequestered’ by growing trees and will only return to the atmosphere when the tree dies, decays or is cut down and burnt.  Products made from wood retain much of the ‘locked up’ carbon within heir structure. It is calculated that the forests of the world hold a carbon stock of over 1,200 billion tonnes, almost double the amount of carbon present as carbon dioxide in the atmosphere.

 

Green Investment

PT. BALI AGRO Trading Indonesian was officially established in 2003 and grew significantly with solid developments in merchandises and in services. In a few short years, PT. BALI AGRO Trading is ready to serve customers with multiple Plantation all around Bali and Java, proving a very positive and rapid growth. The constant development of PT. BALI AGRO Trading  is also shown with the openings of more Plantations .The keys of our success are a complete selection of well-designed products, high importance for customer's safety, and large contribution for the welfare of the society. PT. BALI AGRO Trading help to make green world and help of social economy with give people around plantation work. 

Come on together with us to make GREEN WORLD!.  

Vision : To be the prominent trendsetter for excellent Plantations needs, to lead, and to become the first choice of a great selection of Plantation.
Mission : To provide a wide range of quality Plantation for all purposes with reasonable and competitive prices for the Investment, excellent value services, competent staff, sustainable improvement.

In 2007 PT.Bali Agro Trading make teak plantation on Java. The reason we make plantations in Java because Java have the very nice land suited for teak plantation, because having good land structure and compatible climate and in Java the land which level off very precise to be cultivated by the teak tree. Only 6 hours from Lovina ( north Bali ) for the transportation of to java.

The descriptions about project :

For project (plantation) we use land for teak tree 1,5 Ha (15.000 M2) Bali Agro Trading setting in with teak tree 1.600  and we give space 3 meter between teak trees to get nice growth up. Bali Agro Trading handle the teak tree until 8 years. Bali Agro Trading giving water, fertilization, cut the branch. If you make investment, you and 2 people can free stay in bali and breakfast in Keyani Bungalow Lovina in north Bali during 1 week with free breakfast and you get free tour to north Bali. If someone get 1 client like to make plantation in Indonesian, Bali Agro Trading give you 10 % commission from the price of the Investment. 

We can together safe the world from global warming and Safe your Pension Day.

"LET GIVE YOUR MONEY WORK FOR YOU"

IF YOU LIKE TO MAKE INVESTMENT. WE HAVE PAYMENT CREDIT (PAY EVERY MONTH) and IN THE FUTURE YOU GET NICE PROFIT MONEY

PLEASE COME TO BALI and WE CAN SHOW OUR PLANTATIONS IN BALI and JAVA

"Like Get More Information Please E-mail : baliagro@gmail.com"